Plato

All of Neoplatonism | Plotinus's Complete Philosophy

Everything pours outward from a single nameless source, and everything is quietly trying to find its way back. In the third century, in the crowded city of Rome, a gentle teacher built the last great philosophy of the ancient world. This episode follows Plotinus, the founder of what we now call Neoplatonism, from his youth in Roman Egypt and his years with a secret master in Alexandria to the circle of devoted students who gathered around him. We trace his single luminous vision of reality, a great outpouring from one source down through mind and soul to the very edge of matter, and the long road home by which a person may climb back. We stay a while with his thoughts on beauty and on time, on evil and the goodness of the world, on the self that never fell, and on the rare and wordless union he was said to have reached four times. The full episode is on YouTube and Spotify. Please listen only in safe, restful contexts.

Is Change Real? | Heraclitus vs Parmenides | Philosophy for Sleep

Two Greeks at opposite edges of the ancient world gave opposite answers to the same question, and nearly every philosopher since has stood somewhere between them. This episode follows the quarrel from its beginning. We meet Heraclitus, the lonely riddler of Ephesus who hid his one book in a temple and taught that everything flows, that the world is a river and a living fire held in tune by a hidden measure. We cross the sea to meet Parmenides, the calm lawgiver of the Greek west who used pure reason to argue that change is impossible, and that whatever truly is must stand motionless and one. We follow their collision through the famous paradoxes of Zeno, through Plato's daring attempt to give each thinker a world of his own, through Aristotle's quieter answer, and into our own age, where the same argument lives on in physics and in the felt passing of time. It is a walk through the two deepest things we feel: that everything changes, and that nothing is ever truly lost. The full episode is on YouTube and Spotify. Please listen only in safe, restful contexts.

On Plato and the Cave You Never Left | Complete Philosophy For Sleep

Forms, the Cave, the Republic & the Soul | 3 Hours

What if everything you have ever seen, touched, or believed was just a shadow on a wall? Plato shaped Western civilization for more than two thousand five hundred years. This episode traces his thought from its origins in the death of Socrates through the Theory of Forms, the Allegory of the Cave, the vision of the philosopher king in The Republic, the epistemology of recollection, Diotima's ladder of love in the Symposium, and the arguments for the immortality of the soul in the Phaedo. It also examines the political philosophy of The Republic, its controversial vision of a just society governed by those who have seen the Good, and the late dialogues where Plato turned a critical eye on his own theory of Forms. The full episode is on YouTube and Spotify. Please listen only in safe, restful contexts.